The Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Biology Essay

The Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Biology Essay Skeletal Muscle is a form of fibrous tissue with the fibers arranged parallel to each other. A muscle fiber (cell) is surrounded by the endomysium. A group of these cells is wrapped by fascicles. Bundles of fascicles are covered by the perimysium and bundles of the perimysium are wrapped by the epimysium to form a muscle. The muscle fibers have contractile properties which enable them to move bony levers in order to produce skeletal movement1. The functional unit of the muscle fiber is the sacomere which consists of most importantly, actin and myosin. The actin and myosin are arranged such that during contraction, they can slide over each other thus shortening the muscle2. Muscles suffer from many diseases, one of which is polymyositis. This is an inflammatory myopathy that affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and those around the torso. It affects all age groups but has been noticed mainly in late childhood and early adulthood. The sypmtomps are nonspecific but results in general muscle weakness and the cause, though believed to be an invasion by the white blood cells, is not very clear10. 2.0 The Structure of Skeletal Muscle. In daily life, structures and arrangements of designs are dictated, to a large extent by the purpose and function for which the design is meant for. Knowing that skeletal muscle is made up mainly of fibrous tissues, the arrangement of these tissues and how they are bound together to maintain a particular shape in order to accomplish different purposes (mainly to generate force and produce movement) may to a large extent, define the structure of the muscle4. At a macro level, the skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of individual muscle fibers, the supporting structure called the basal lamina, and the connective tissue sheaths as shown in figure 1. These connective tissues bind the cells together giving them strength and partly providing mechanical protection2. We can examine these connective tissues and their functions as follows: 2.1 The basal lamina. This is an extracellular matrix that acts as a scaffold on which a cell sits. It has been realized that apart from providing structural support, the basal lamina can orient and constrain cell during the process of regeneartion3. 2.2 The endomysium. This is a fine sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell. The endomysium consist of loosely interlacing fibers composed mainly of collagen4. 2.3 The perimysium and fascilces. The individual muscle fibers wrapped by the endomysium, are grouped together in what is called fascicles. A layer of fibrous tissue called the perimysium wraps each fascicle4. 2.4 The epimysium. This is the outside layer that finally wraps the whole muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue4. Figure 1 Source: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Muscular/muscle_structure.jpg 3.0 The muscle cell Having described how individual muscle cells are organized into a muscle, it is imperative that we look at the structural composition of the cell itself. Just like many other cells in the body are specialized according to their functions, skeletal muscle cells are specialized to produce force and movement5. The skeletal muscle fiber is thus composed of mainly three structural elements:-the myofibrils, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, each contributing a unique aspect of muscle function. The entire function of the muscle can be attributed to the shifts in proportions of these three structures6. 3.1 The Myofibrills. These are cylindrical specialized sub-units within the muscle fiber. They consist of two types of contractile protein filaments-the thin filaments referred to as actin and the thick filaments referred to as myosin. The two most important parameters of the myofibrils are their diameter which determines its strength and the fiber length which determines it contraction velocity and distance over which the fiber can contract. The myofibril consist of two filaments-actin and myosin6,2. 3.1.1 Actin (thin filament). Actin filaments are responsible for regulation of contraction. The actin filament is formed by a helical arranged of actin monomers which is an ambiguous protein2 (figure 2). Because of the helical nature, a long grove is formed along the filament and the protein troponin is located at intervals along the length of the actin filament. It is troponin which is responsible for turning on contraction2,7. Figure 2.The actin molecule. Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/Muscleslidingfilament1.gif 3.1.2 The Myosin (thick filament). Myosin filament is about 150nm long. It has a tail and two heads. The tail is formed by two helical shaped fibers that coil around each other. A collection of several of these helical tails together form a myosin filament (figure 3)4b. Figure 3. The myosin molecule. Source: http://webanatomy.net/anatomy/myosin.jpg. 3.2 The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Groups of about 200 thick and thin filaments constitute a myofibril. Each myofibril is thus enclosed in a membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum8. The SR membrane stores and releases calcium during muscle contraction and relaxation. The SR can therefore be thought of as the functional unit of the myofibril9. 3.3 The mitochondria. Found within the cell cytoplasm, the mitochondria are responsible for generation of most of the cells energy by the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There are several mitochondria distributed along the length of a myofibril4. 4.0 The mechanism of muscle contraction Muscle contraction can largely be attributed to the structure of actin and myosin, their arrangement within the SR and the interaction between them in order to produce force (Figure 4). This type of arrangement allows the thin actin filaments to slide in and out by the action pull of the myosin heads8b. Figure 4. Actin and myosin arrangement: Source: http://www.exrx.net/Images/ActinMyosin.gif Muscles are composed of a number of actin and myosin filaments arranged in series in a basic unit called the sacomere. The sacomere consists of a thick filament in the meddle and two thin filaments, one overlapping on each side. The heads of the thick filament attach to the thin filament at the overlap and these heads allow movement in only one direction. When activated, each thick filament head rachets repeatedly along the actin, pulling the two actins closer together. Since the actin are attached to the Z line (The distance between two Z lines form the sacomere), ends of the sacomere (Z lines) are pulled in and the sacomere shortens. The sacomeres are arranged in series so that when the muscle fiber contracts, all the sacomeres contract simultaneously transmitting the force to the end of the muscle. The whole process of contraction described above occurs when the muscle is electrically stimulated2b. 5.0 Muscle stimulation. Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. The reception of the motor stimulus (action potential) opens the calcium channels allowing calcium which is stored in the SR to be released. The release of calcium causes the release of acetylcholine-Ach (neurotransmitter). The calcium binds to the troponin on the actin filament. Troponin then regulates the tropomyosin which obstructs binding sites for myosin. This allows the tropomyosin to move, unblocking the bonding site. Myosin then binds to the unblocked site on the actin and applies a pull. This will pull the Z bands towards each other thus shortening the sacomere, causing muscle contraction2b. However, as calcium is released, the ATP-dependent calcium pump is activated and it continuously pumps calcium back to the SR to be stored again. This leads to a drop in calcium level within the cytoplasm. When the calcium level is too low, the calcium binding action to troponin is terminated, releasing tropomyosin which again blocks the binding site. This stops the interaction between actin and myosin thus relaxing the muscle2b. 6.0 Muscle Diseases There are a number of muscular diseases and disorders ranging from acquired, familial to congenital. Limiting ourselves to one of the acquired disorders of the muscles, lets look at polymyositis. 6.1 Polymyositis (PM). PM is a type of muscle inflammatory myopathy. Just like the name suggests, this disease causes inflammation of the muscle fiber. Although the causes of the disease are not well understood, it is believed that PM begins when white blood cells, spontaneously invade muscles. This can result in severe muscle weakness. Polymyositis is a persistent disease characterized by periods of increased and reduced or no symptoms. PM affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and is more common in women than men. It is said to affect all age groups although is it commonly noted in early childhood or 20s10. Key pathologic and diagnostic features of the disease. Endomysial inflammation. This is the inflammation of the outer connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber. This is done by the white blood cells that leave the blood and enter the tissue, somehow confirming the earlier assertion that the PM begins when white blood cells invade muscles. Invasion of myofibers by autoaggressive lymphocytes. This is when the T lymphocytes begin to attack the intact myofibers. Unlike in muscle dystrophy where inflammation is associated with degenerating myofibers, the invasion of T lymphocytes causes inflammation of health myofibers in PM.This causes inflammation of healthy myofibers. Other diagnostic features that may not be exactly specific to PM include myofiber necrosis, myophagocytosis, myofiber atrophy and fibrosis, a feature of chronic PM10,11. 7.0 Conclusion Human movement is only possible because of the action of muscle contraction. Voluntary contraction of muscle is made possible by the somatic nervous system which sends out an action potential activating the contraction process. The process is accomplished by the sliding of myosin and actin over each other. Many diseases and disorders affect muscles, prominent among them is muscular polymyosis which causes inflammation of the muscles mainly around the torso. Its believed to be caused by the unwanted action of the white blood cells and the symptoms include muscle weakness.

Malunggay Essay

Theoretical Framework The following theories provide framework of this research. This study was anchored on the Theory of Kramer (1995). â€Å"The Texture Measurements of Foods: Psychological Fundamental, Sensory, Mechanical, and Chemical Procedures, and their Interrelationships (1995),† that sensory quality of foods, being a psycho-physical phenomenon, should be systemized or classified accordance with the sense by which the various attributes of quality are perceived by the consumer. The following attributes are used to determine and measure the quality of a product: appearance, taste, texture and aroma. As positioned by the author appearance includes factors such as size, shape, color, and external attributes such as the attractiveness of the icon or logo. Size and shapes are measurements often used as grade standards or to differentiate between items. The assessment of size and shape is often a subjective process although, for many products, visual guide have been developed. Color is the primary indicatory of maturity is the result of the type and quan tity of pigments in the product. Changes in color are often related to freshness or deterioration of the product. Color can be measured by many visual or mechanical methods. On the other hand, taste is the perception of chemical compounds on the tongue and other nerve endings of the mouth. The basic tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent. Sweetness is directly related to sugars into the food and the sugar to acid ratio. Sourness is the result of the organic acids present. Compounds such as those in citrus fruits or coffee usually impart bitterness, where astringency is often the result of tannins such as the phenolic compounds in grapes (Kramer, 1995). Also, texture is â€Å"the composite of those properties which arise from the structural elements of a product, and the manner in which this composite registrars with the physiological sense† (Szczesniak, 2005). Most textural characteristics, except firmness are evaluated as mouth feels, i.e. the impression on the tongue, palate and teeth. In production , common textural characteristics include tenderness, crispiness, crunchiness, chewiness, and fibrousness. Texture is generally determined by measuring force applied to the food. Lastly, aroma is the sum of the compounds perceived by the nose. It is very difficult to determine objectively since it is a combination of qualitative predominant and quantitative traits in a food product. Fruits and vegetables are rich in  aromatic compounds; many of which are yet to be identified. Thus, in identifying the quality of the ordinary meat burger patties and the quality of the new product innovation which is the malunggay burger patty, the researchers used Kramer’s classification of quality to collect the raw data from the respondents. Another theory to support this study is the â€Å"Diffusion of Innovations Theory† by Thurber and Fahey (2009). This theory is used to describe well the evidence for growth and adoption of dietary Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the need for a scientific consensus on the nutritional benefits. Diffusion is the process by which an innovat ion is communicated through curtain channels over time among the members of a social system. According to Thurber and Fahey (2009), the rate of adoption and possibilities of over adoption can be predicted using five characteristics of a new innovation. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its wide spread use to be promoted, evidence must be provided for the following attributes: The first attribute is called Relative Advantage which is the extent to which an innovation is perceived as being better or more useful than the idea it supersedes. Then, it is followed by the Compatibility which means the measure of how well an innovation is consistent with existing social and cultural practices, if it is likeable, and whether it meets the need of potential adopters. On the other hand Complexity is the level to which the innovation is perceived to be difficult to understand or use. Another attribute is Observability which is used to describe how well the results of the innovation can be seen and communicated to others. And finally, Trialability which refers to the ability of an innovation to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to determine the rate of adaptation of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory, it will give accurate knowledge on the effectiveness and health benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this research shall focus on the independent variables such as the respondent’s age, gender and grade level. Likewise, the dependent variables of the study are the respondent’s evaluation regarding the product in terms of appearance, taste, texture and aroma. Once these dimensions are known, a proposed Food Feeding Program shall be formulated.

My Name Is Jack And I Am Known As A Freak - 1796 Words

My name is Jack and I am known as a freak. I don’t know how or when I have come to accept this but nevertheless it is true. I live in a small shack deep within the forest with my adopted father and 2 older siblings. As I would believe not only I but the rest of my family would be labeled as freaks as well but unlike me they never cared about their labels so why did I. As my thought process began to move faster I heard a knock on my door. â€Å"Jack, are you alright? We haven’t seen you in a while.† I looked at my bedroom do for while then responded. â€Å"I’m fine father, just thinking about some things. Alright,† I heard him say,† come out when you’re ready. I’ll be out doing my runs for today.† I then heard him walk off and the front door closing. I stared at the ceiling for a second then walked in front of bedroom mirror. When I looked through I saw a monster. The monster was wearing black gloves and hoodie covering his head and brown hair. Along with this it was wearing a light blue mask with dried black ooze going down the eyelids. I looked at the monster then cringed in anger and fear and punched the mirror shattering it into pieces. As the mirror pieces hit the ground I stared at my fist and frowned under my mask. As I walked out of my room I saw my older brother Jeff laughing towards my older sister Jane while playing with his knife. He noticed me and grinned. Jeff was like me, a freak of nature. He always wore a white sweatshirt covered in theShow MoreRelatedMuch Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare as a Satire Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesof the wars won, and the bravery of certain soldiers. The mood in this opening dialogue would be deadly serious if it wasnt for Beatrice making a mockery of the brave and valorous Signor Mountanto. How many hath he killed? For I promise to eat all of his killing. 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This strategic as opposed to a functional approach to marketing is captured both by McDonald (1989, p. 8): are utilized to satisfy the needs of selected customer groups in order to achieve the objectivesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student

Machiavelli Personal and Political Implications Essay...

Machiavelli: Personal and Political Implications And since it is Fortune that does everything, it is she who wishes us to leave her alone, to be quiet and not give her trouble, and wait until she allows us to act again; then you will do well to strive harder, to observe things more closely.... (67)* Letter to Francesco Vettori in Rome December 10, 1513. Machiavelli is praised for the political implications of his writing in The Prince. However, many do not see the personal implications of Machiavellis work, because the motivations for action are spoken in terms of political domination and the acquisition of power. There are underlying principles that speak of domination not only of cities and nations, but the domination of the†¦show more content†¦Machiavelli analogizes Fortune to a river, a contemplative force that directs its path through weakness where she knows that dikes and embankments are not constructed to hold her (159). Because of this nature, a person who wants to dominate the circumstances instead of being ruled by them must look to see where the river has gone and predict where it will go next. This requires ceaseless planning with little rest, because rest develops into weakness and laziness. Machiavelli states that men who are separated from the rest of those who have ruled in terms of greatness, never enjoye d the benefits of the time, but they enjoyed instead benefits of their strength and prudence; for time brings with it all things and it can bring with it the good as well as the bad and the bad as well as the good (85). Consequently, it does not matter what Fortune brings; what matters is that the receiver of this Fate is prepared for any possible scenario. Notably, the skill to diagnose the ills when they arise is not universal, and is given to only a few men. However, it requires more than just the rare skill of recognizing the path of Fortune. 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The Super Pac - 940 Words

Today’s media and communication have enhanced the knowledge of petitions, government affairs, and the environment. Although mass communication and formal protests are powerful and sometimes must suffer the darker side of the situation, they are labeled as interest groups. There are important factors such as money, power, and connections that are questioned and accessed within these groups. PACS or Political Action Committees are involved. Yet, there is another form of PACs that are named â€Å"Super PACS† where unlimited funds are raised (We the People). The â€Å"Super Pac† strategy should be outlawed by the government so it will not abuse its devoted followers. The textbook, We the People defines a PAC as â€Å"private groups with that raise and†¦show more content†¦For example, some cons that are associated with the Super PACS are the abuse of power and abuse of integrity. The Authors, Ginsberg and et all mention this use of the PAC as a form of bribery. On page 262, the text reads â€Å"such support can easily the cross the threshold into outright bribery.† The speculation of this con support the abuse of power these super PACS might enforce upon its supporters in plain and blind sight. The outlawing of this tactic could benefit people against groups with vindictive interest. The people expect the United States government, specifically the law, to protect them, but this tactic is loop hole that prevents the latter. They are receiving currency legally as donations, again for â€Å"the elections not the elected†. If these people are donating their money for a cause they deem justified and favorable, what is the benef it? The question is subjective to the follower, and to the person that sees this as way of abusing the power of the government to extract funds of people from a higher socioeconomic status. In this situation, the groups that make use of the super PAC tactic would essentially be labeling people as ATMs. If the government were to outlaw this tactic, the people would be better protected. Furthermore, the text mentions this being in a way, justified by the first amendment. The name itself indicates agency or a group of people. The Constitution CenterShow MoreRelatedAgainst Super PACs Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pagesso-called Super PACs (Political Action Committees). These Super PACs are allowed to come up with independent financing for the presidential campaign, sans any budgetary ceilings. The inner workings of such a committee has left a bad taste in the mouths of the voters even though very little is known about the actual history and reasons for the existence of the Super PACS. This paper will delve into the committees history and the reasons behind the public outcry against the existence of Super PACs. ARead MoreUnited V. Fec : The Rise Of The Super Pac1049 Words   |  5 PagesCitizens United v. FEC Arthur, 1 Citizens United v. FEC: The Rise of the Super PAC Grayson Arthur Liberty High School AP Government 4A Citizens United v. FEC Arthur, 2 Citizens United v. FEC was a landmark court case that dealt with regulations on campaign financing from corporationsRead MoreThe Role Of Special Interest Groups And Super Pacs2174 Words   |  9 Pagesresulting in â€Å"power over† the people, rather than for the people. To support my claim of both powers becoming too threatening towards democracy and equality, the topics of re-election rates within congress, the role of special interest groups and super PACs regarding their own political influence, and the role of people power will be briefly examined as too how these three topics directly interfere, as well as threaten, both equality and democracy for the American people. 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A Super PAC is a political committee that is organized to raise money to support their candidate so they can pull ahead in the polls, and spend money to oppose the other candidates. An interest group supports a certain side on a topic and a candidate for a position in government would fin d it beneficial to appeal to interest groups in order to gain supporters. Interest groups and Super PACs has changedRead MoreThe United Vs Federal Election Commission1235 Words   |  5 Pagesas â€Å"Super PACs.† Super PACs are organizations that operate independently from any candidate or political party. These organizations are allowed to receive any amount of money from any person or organization, which they can they allot towards their own support of a political candidate. A good example of this would be Mitt Romney’s Super PAC entitled â€Å"Restore America,† which spent over twelve million dollars launching an ad campaign that attacked Newt Gingrich (MacMillen). These new Super PACs haveRead MoreGlobal Economy And The American Dream1286 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics it’s easy to see today, that world politics are in turmoil. Oil prices have sunk to record lows, putting regions in the Middle East, Russia, and South America in economic crisis. On t op of that the whole global economy is in a recession; pushing super powers such as the United States, China, and the European union to take action. All across the world the wealth gap is widening. It seems like for every new billionaire there are another million people in poverty dying of disease. Our one saving graveRead MoreThe New Electoral Environment After Citizens United Now897 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent campaign expenditures going toward election communications on behalf of candidates than in previous elections (Federal Election Commission, 2015). This new environment involves three primary entities for outside independent expenditures, Super PACs, traditional Political Action Committees, and political parties. Since the 1970s and the Supreme Court’s decision in Buckley vs. Valeo (1976), outside campaign expenditures have been allowed during elections. These expenditures were restrictedRead MoreThe Daily Show On The Congressional Record1258 Words   |  6 Pages2005, Feal created the â€Å"Feel Good Foundation† to help first responders and push Republican Congress to act. In 2010, 9 years after the attacks, the bill was stalled in the senate due to a republican filibuster. The democrats were unable to muster a super majority of 60 votes to pass the bill. Nine years after the attacks, national media-coverage was absent to address the held-up Zadroga bill. Feal received a call from Jon Stewart, whom he asked him to pick four Republicans, promising Feal that theRead MoreThe New Electoral Environment After Citizens United Now903 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent campaign expenditures going toward election communications on behalf of candidates than in previous elections (Feder al Election Commission, 2015). This new campaign environment includes three primary entities of outside spending: Super PACs, traditional Political Action Committees, and political parties. Since the 1970s and the Supreme Court’s decision in Buckley vs. Valeo (1976), outside campaign expenditures have been allowed during election periods. These expenditures, however

Reproductive System Free Essays

Divisions of pituitary glands, hormones secreted by each Anterior Pituitary (dehydrogenation’s) GHZ-Growth Hormone Protraction CATCH-Terminologically hormone FISH-Follicle-stimulating hormone LO-Eluting hormone Posterior Pituitary (neurophysiology) DAD-Antipathetic hormone Extinction Structures of Male Female Reproductive Organs Males: Vass Deferent urethra Penis Glands Penis Prepuce (foreskin) Seminal Vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland Polyurethane Gland Epidermis Testis Scrotum Female: Ovary uterus Endometrial Anemometry Promethium (Pentium) Cervix Vagina Fallopian Tube Production of Sperm 1 . Testes 2. Epidermis 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Reproductive System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vass deferent 4. Seminal Vesicle 5. Prostate gland 7. Urethra 8. Penis 9. Chromosome, #, gender determination 10. Zygote: 46 chromosomes (23 from egg, 23 from sperm) 11. Gender is determined at conception by the sperm (x) 12. Congenital vs†¦ Hereditary Disease Congenital Disease: conditions are present at the time of birth Hereditary Disease: genetically transmitted 13. Mechanism of the Birth Control Pill 14. Is a pharmacological agent that contains estrogen progesterone. As the load levels of estrogen progesterone increase, negative feedback inhibits the secretion of FISH by the anterior pituitary. This process prevents ovulation, no egg means no baby. 15. Endocrine Glands Hormones secreted by each 16. Each gland are ductless glands, they secrete hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts Pituitary Glands-GHZ, Protraction, CATCH, FISH, LO, TTS, DAD, extinction Hypothalamus-releases a releasing hormone Pineal Gland-melatonin Thyroid -collocation, Thyroxin (TO), Trinitrotoluene (TO) Parathyroid-parathyroid hormone Thymus-thymine Adrenals-epinephrine, morphogenesis, lodestone, cortical Ovaries-estrogen progesterone Pancreas-insulin clangor Testes-Testosterone 17. Fertilization-gestation steps 18. The fertilized egg is called a zygote, zygote is the first cell off new individual. The zygote begins to divide, forming a cluster of cells, that slowly makes its way thru the fallopian tube towards uterus. 19. Hyper Hypoglycemia, symptoms Hyperglycemia: Excessive thirst Fruity odor in breath Excretion of large volume of urine Excessive eating Hypoglycemia: Fainting Weakness 20. 1. 24. 25. 26. 27. Uterine Cycle Loss of a part of the endometrial lining blood The Proliferation Phase: The inner lining thickens becomes vascular, primarily in response to estrogen The Secretors Phase: The endometrial lining is becoming lush moist from increased secretors activity, the secretors phase is dominated by progesterone 28. Ovarian Cycle: 29. Phases: follicular phase ululate phase The ululate phase of the ovarian cycle begins immediately after ovulation is dominated by the secre tion of progesterone by the corpus lutetium In the nonappearance state the corpus lutetium deteriorates In the pregnant state the corpus lutetium stays alive because of human chronic intimidation (hug) During follicle phase the ovarian follicle mature secretes estrogen 30. Cushing syndrome 31 . Hyperactive adrenal; deterioration Moon face Buffalo Facial hair Easily bruises 32. Grave’s Disease 33. Hyperthyroidism; characterized by an increase in heart rate, increase in peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, elevation in body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss wide emotional mood swings 34. Insulin Cellophane Fax Insulin: Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Lanterns; helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats; lowers blood glucose levels Cellophane: Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Lanterns; raises blood glucose levels 35. Vermin Langue Vermin Cases: The skin is covered by a white, cheese-like substance. Thought to protect the delicate fetal skin from the amniotic fluid. Langue: When the fetus grows, its skin becomes covered by a fine downy hair 36. 37. 39. 40. Gestational Stages (pregnancy) 41. The time of prenatal developmental: Normal gestation period lasts 38 weeks or about 9 moss. Divided into trimesters: 1st semesters: months 2nd trimester: months 4,5,6 3rd trimesters: months,8,9 42. Iatrogenic Agents Drugs Alcohol Radiation Thalidomide How to cite Reproductive System, Papers

Technology and Scientists in Movies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: "In what ways are science, scientists and/or technology portrayed in the film and for what purposes?". Answer: Science, scientists and technology form the core of all science fiction movies. These movies apply creativity and go beyond the everyday life experiences to portray science as an essential aspect of life and scientists as fearless and highly intelligent persons. Revelers of such movies never stop to wonder at the genius depicted in these movies and for this reason; they remain all time favorite genre for movie lovers across the globe. The film Close Encounters of the Third Kind is based on two parallel story lines depicting scientists on a discovery mission. The first narration involves a group of research scientists investigating the strange appearances of items in remote locations. Claude Lacombe, one of the investigators uses the Kodaly method of music education as a means of communication as they go on with their investigation. This action at first baffles the scientist but soon, an American cartographer, David Laughlin unravels the meaning. The second plot introduces Roy Neary, an electric company lineman and Jillian Guiler, a single mother among some persons in Munice, Indiana. They experience a paranormal activity before a flash of lightning shoots up the sky. They largely believe this to be an Unidentified Flying Object (UFO). Although all others believe the object is a UFO, Roy becomes curious and gets obsessed with the phenomenon. He is out to unravel the truth about the UFO lie as propagated by persons in authority. In these two parallel plots we see two ordinary individuals transform into great scientists because of the strange happenings around them (Landon, 2014). This particular case demystifies science and scientists as people who look out for vanity. It depicts science as a necessity to solve the dilemmas of life.Science in this movie is portrayed as the answer to mans search for meaning (Barsam and Monahan, 2015). Through science, we discover through the movies that there is more to life than what the human mind can grasp. It appears that the creators of these movies intend to offer hope to man in the current sufferings. There is also a depiction of truth that can be discovered by science. In the story line for the movie Close encounters of the Third Kind, both Roy and Jillian refuse to accept a belief that is generally agreed among their contemporaries (Redmond, 2014). Although the flash of light in the sky remains a mystery, they are daring enough to go against the grain and seek for truth. Scientists in movies are mostly depicted as curious and courageous people who seek for answers in difficult places. There is usually a show of high level intelligence in these individuals who stop at nothing to unravel a mystery. The American Cartographer, David Laughlin uses his brain to decipher the meaning behind the Kodaly music. This discovery stirs the mind of movie watchers assuring them that there is no mystery in life that cannot be solved. This communication technique ultimately leads humans to discover the communication code of the aliens. Movie lovers visualize this as an indication that the human mind bears the capacity to bring solutions to sophisticated problems that confront humanity. Scientists in movies do not believe in common sayings that have no evidential back-up. This quality is seen in Roy who declines to believe that the mysterious flash of light in the sky is a UFO as largely believed by his seniors. He does not allow his mind to recede into a lazy mode and works hard to unravel the mystery. When the Frenchman Lacombe and David Laughlin discover Flight 19 that went missing from the American air space thirty years earlier, their curiosity is triggered. The two begin to connect events together and to unravel the mystery is missing planes. This is an extrapolation of real life events where planes are said to have mysteriously disappeared in the Bermuda triangle. In this regard, the movie offers answers to mysterious happenings (Dourish and Bell, 2014). Scientists are often depicted as fearless individuals who endanger their lives for the benefit of humanity (Brown and Rapper 2017). In the movie under review, Jillian is determined to get to the bottom of the UFO mystery. She is driven into this expedition not just for herself but for her son who has undergone his share of strange experiences. This courageous character joins with selflessness to portray her in good light in the eyes of the viewer. Scientists are also depicted as having no malice in their endeavors and their investigations always lead to goodwill for mankind. In science fiction movies there is the use of cutting edge technology to unravel mysteries in strange places (Johnston, 2013). Technology becomes an enabler for carrying out explorations that baffle the mind. The scientists never allow technology to replace their creative energies as they unearth the working of things in mysterious places. The title of the movie talks of the third kind which relates to encounters with aliens. Aliens are creations in the mind and many people have dilemmas as to whether they actually exist or not (Alkon, 2013). The ingenious discovery of the language of the aliens is a work of expertise for the scientists. Their expedition soon gains national importance and is seen as the answer to long unsolved mysteries. The result of the communication is that the UFOs land on earth with their spaceship and many people who were captured by them earlier walk out Roy is ultimately holds a conversation with the aliens in coded language. This elevates the place of technology as the ultimate answer to lifes difficult questions (Kozlovic, 2016).The ultimate goal, however of all movies is entertainment. As much as science fiction leaves many questions in the mind of the viewer, the objects created therein are usually a creation of mans imagination. Persons who are frustrated with things that remain a mystery to them gain hope but are also entertained. Conclusion The popularity of science fiction in the entertainment scene is a testament of how they serve to entertain and also trigger the imagination of viewers. Many people will continue to patronize the movies as they peg their hopes that lifes unexplained mysteries will be unraveled. References Alkon, P. K. (2013).Science fiction before 1900: imagination discovers technology(No. 3). Routledge. Barsam, R., Monahan, D. (2015).Looking at movies. WW Norton Company. Brown, N., Rappert, B. (2017).Contested futures: A sociology of prospective techno-science. Routledge. Dourish, P., Bell, G. (2014). Resistance is futile: reading science fiction alongside ubiquitous computing.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(4), 769-778. Johnston, K. M. (2013).Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction. Berg. Kozlovic, A. K. (2016). From holy aliens to cyborg saviours: Biblical subtexts in four science fiction films.Journal of Religion Film,5(2), 3. Landon, B. (2014).Science Fiction after 1900: from the Steam Man to the Stars. Routledge. Redmond, S. (2014).Liquid metal: the science fiction film reader. Columbia University Press.