INTRODUCTION Essays (1015 words) - Charles Dickens,

INTRODUCTION This report will talk about the life of a famous author, Charles Dickens. It will tell you about his early, middle, and later years of his life. It will also talk about one of his great works of literature. In conclusion, this report will show a comparison of his work to his life. EARLY LIFE Charles Dickens was born at Landport, in Portsea, on February 7, 1812. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office, and was temporarily on duty in the neighborhood when Charles was born. His name was John Dickens. He spent time in prison for debts. But, even when he was free he lacked the money to support his family. Then, when Charles was two they moved to London.1 Just before he started to toddle, he stepped into the glare of footlights. He never stepped out of it until he died. He was a good man, as men go in the bewildering world of ours, brave, transparent, tender-hearted, and honorable. Dickens was always a little too irritable because he was a little too happy. Like the over-wrought child in society, he was splendidly sociable, and in and yet sometimes quarrelsome. In all the practical relations of his life he was what the child is at a party, genuinely delighted, delightful, affectionate and happy, and in some strange way fundamentally sad and dangerously close to tears. 2 At the age of 12 Charles worked in a London factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He held the job only for a few months, but the misery of the experience remain with him all his life. 3 Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then left for good. He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. He was influenced by such earlier English writers as William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding. However, most of the knowledge he later used as an author came from his environment around him. 4 MIDDLE LIFE Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter in the late 1820's. He specialized in covering debates in Parliament, and also wrote feature articles. His work as a reporter sharpened his naturally keen ear for conversation and helped develop his skill in portraying his characters speach realistically. It also increased his ability to observe and to write swiftly and clearly. Dickens' first book, Sketches by Boz (1836) consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly Magazine and the London Evening Chronicles.5 On April 2, 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth. This was just a few days before the anoucement that on the 31st he would have his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. And this was the beginning of his career. 6 Then, at 24, Dickens became famous and was so until he died. He won his first literary fame with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. Published in monthly parts in 1836 and 1837 the book describes the humorous adventure and misadventures of the English Countryside. After a slow start, The Pickwick Papers as the book was usually called gained a popularity seldom matched in the history of literature. 7 Then in 1837, Catherine's sister Mary, died. Because of her death Dickens' suffered a lot of grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Catherine was a good woman but she lacked intelligence. Dickens and Catherine had 10 children. Then later in 1858, the couple seperated. 8 LATER LIFE,/b His later years was basically consisting of two main additions to his previous activites. The first was a series of public readings and lectures which he began giving it systematically. And second, he was a successive editor. Dickens had been many things in his life; he was a reporter , an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and a editor and he enjoyed all of those things. 9 Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. He recorded all his activites in thousands of letter, many of which made delightful readings. He spent much of his later life with crowded social friends from arts and literature. He also went to the theater as often as he could, cause he loved drama. Dickens also produced and acted in small theaters

5 Seasonal Jobs for People Who Dont Want to Work in Retail

5 Seasonal Jobs for People Who Dont Want to Work in Retail Hoping to snag a seasonal job to bump up your income for the end of the year- but don’t want to end up in an elf costume or folding sweaters all weekend long? Retail gigs are great, of course, but if they’re not your particular extra-spending-money cup of tea this season, there are still available seasonal gigs that might be. Here are 5 great examples of seasonal jobs that have nothing to do with retail.1. Election ClerkThis is a temporary, part-time job around election time. Look into your county or state’s Board of Elections and see if they are planning to hire any extra help. If you’re organized, reliable, efficient, and into democracy, this could be a great option for you.2. Seasonal Sports InstructorIf you’re good at a sport and a good teacher, this is a great way to make a little extra scratch. Say it’s summer and you’re great at fly fishing. Or it’s the holidays and you’re an accomplished skier. This could be a gre at way of combining one of your favorite activities with the chance to earn some bonus cash.3. Tax AssociateTax season is just around the corner, believe it or not. At least, it’s not too early to start casting your net if you’re a tax prep guru and looking for a seasonal gig at tax time.4. Admissions ReaderEver wonder how all those colleges and universities read through all of the applications they’re sent? They don’t! (Well, they do, just not every single one as carefully as possible.) Find an institution with rolling admissions or transfer admissions and see what the relevant opportunities might be.5. HR AdminEver wonder who vets and hires all this temporary, seasonal help? Often human resources departments will take on extra team members to help them process extra applications at busy times. Take advantage of the seasonal economy growing!

Bachelors Degree How Many Years Does It Take

Bachelor's Degree How Many Years Does It Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wait- a bachelor’s degree is how many years? Most Americans wouldn’t hesitate to say, "Four." But as it turns out, this isn’t always the case- and certainly doesn’t have to be for you if you’d rather graduate early! In this guide, we addressone of students' biggest questionsabout college: how many years is a bachelor’s degree, and how can you shorten this time frame? Read on to learn what a typical bachelor's degree entails in terms of credits and classes, how long bachelor's programs generally are, and how you can reduce the time it will take you to earn a bachelor's degree. We'll also cover the biggest drawbacks of getting your degree in less than four years. What Is a Bachelor’s Degree? Overview A bachelor’s degree- also known as a baccalaureate- is an undergraduate degree bestowed by colleges and universities onpeople who have completed an academic program, typically lasting around four years. A bachelor’s degree designates achievement of an education level higher than that of a high school diploma/GED and associate degree (i.e., a two-year undergraduate degree) but lower than that of a graduate degree (master's or doctoral). One of the most common types of degrees for college-bound students, bachelor's degrees are available in a vast array of disciplines, from math and science to the arts and humanities. They also come in several varieties depending on the discipline/field, program, and institution. Here are some of the most common types of bachelor's degrees you’ll see: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Bachelor of Music (BM) Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) Bachelor of Engineering (BE, BEng) There are many benefits to getting a bachelor's degree. Besides expanding your knowledge of a particular field, bachelor's degrees aregreatfor finding well-paying jobs and establishing a career that interests you. According to findings by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earnings for people with a bachelor's degree is $1,173 per week. That's $337 more than what those with associate degrees make in a week,and $461 more than what those with only high school diplomas make. In short, education pays off! Now that we’ve looked at what a bachelor's degree is and how it can be useful for you, it’s time to get to the meat of the article: how many years is a bachelor's degree? Getting a Bachelor's Degree: How Many Years Does It Take? How long does it take to get a bachelor’s degree? The answer to this question depends on several factors, but in the US, most students earn their bachelor's degreesin four to six years of full-time study (not including summers). According to a 2016 report by the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center, 37.5% of students in bachelor's degree programs at four-year public institutions earned their degrees in four years. In addition,75.4% of students earned their bachelor's degrees in six or fewer years. Of course, some students earn their bachelor's degrees in less time- as little as three years- whereas others earn theirs in more time- up to eight or more years. Here are some key factors that determine how much time your bachelor's degree takes: Whether you have any credits from AP/IB exams or community college classes How many classes you take per semester Whether you take classes over the summer What your major requires in terms of credits and classes Whether you’re double majoring Whether you’re taking classes full- or part-time The total number of credits youmust accumulate to get your bachelor’s degree can vary slightly depending on the school and whether it uses a semester or quarter system. Generally speaking, most bachelor's degree programs require a minimum of 120-130 semester credits, or 180-190 quarter credits. This is roughly equivalent to 40 classes. The classes you must take will vary widely depending on both your major and school. Typically, though, you’ll need to take the following types of classes to get a bachelor's degree: General Education classes:Normally, all bachelor's degree candidates must take these core classes, regardless of their majors. Classes span a variety of subjects, including math, science, writing, and social studies/history. Exact requirements vary depending on the school. Major classes: These are the classes you must take to fulfill the requirements for your major and minor. Usually, these may not overlap with the Gen Ed classes you're required to take. College, school, or departmental classes: These classes are required by the college, school, and/or department that houses your major. At the University of Michigan, for instance, those in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts must earn at least 100 credits in the College but may earn the remaining 20 credits through a different college or department, such as the College of Engineering. When it comes to taking electives- even if the credits count toward your degree's total number of required credits- if they do not fulfill any of the three criteria above, they might prolong the time it takes for you to earn your bachelor's degree. Lastly, many colleges these days offer online bachelor's degree programs,through which you can earn a bachelor’s degree entirely online. Because these programs offer more flexibility than a traditional program, you could earn your degree in even less time (more on this later). Ready to speed through your degree? How to Get a Bachelor’s Degree in Less Time: 6 Tips How many years is a bachelor’s degree? Typically four, but it’s certainly possible to get yours in less time, if you so choose. In this section, we go over six key ways you can reduce the time it’ll take to get your bachelor’s degree. Tip 1: Start Earning College Credit in High School One of the easiest ways to reduce the time it takes to get a bachelor's degree is to start in high school by taking AP tests, IB tests, and community college classes. First, let's look at AP tests. Byearning high scores on AP exams (typically a score of 3+), you'll getcollege credits that can be applied toward your bachelor’s degree. For example, at the University of Michigan you can earn anywhere from 2 to 5 credit hours for high scores on AP tests (what you earn will vary depending on what exam you take and what score you get on it), whereas at Stanford you can earn up to 10 quarter units for scores of 4 or 5 on AP tests. AP scores can also allow you towaive certain General Education or major requirements at colleges, thereby saving you time you would've spent actually taking those classes in college. Nevertheless, not all collegespermit this. Some will only accept AP credits as elective credits that count toward the total credits required for your degree but not for specific major/minor or departmental credits. For example, on its website,UCLAmakes it clear that "AP credit does not satisfy General Education requirements." In addition to AP scores, high scores from IB exams can count as credits toward your bachelor’s degree. You’lltypicallyneed a score in the range of 5-7 on an IB exam in order to earn college credit for it. Be aware that colleges are more likely to award credit for higher-level IB exams than they are standard-level IB exams. So if you’ve finished a standard-level IB course, just know that you might not actually get any college credit for it! In addition, becauseAP classes and tests are more popular, colleges might be less likely to accept IB exam credits. I strongly advise you to check the official credit policies for each college you're consideringso you'll know what kinds of tests they accept for credit and how much credit you’ll get (some schools offer more credit for AP tests over IB tests, or vice versa). Finally, and only if a collegeallows this,you might be able toearn credits for college while in high school by taking some community college courses.It's not particularly common for four-year colleges to accept community college credits from high school students, so be sure to check first with the colleges you’reconsidering to see whether they'll actually accept these credits. Tip 2: Choose a Major Early and Stick With It Knowing for sure what you want to major in will help streamline your bachelor's programand could even cut down the time it takes you to get your degree. If you end up changing your major a couple of years in or wait to declare one until late into your program, you’ll most likely be in college for at least four years- possibly longer! Moreover,choosing just one major can reduce the time it takes to get your degree.Though there’s nothing wrong with double majoring(I did it), doing so means you’ll likely be in school for four years, maybe longer. Ultimately, you have to decide what’s important for you.Would you rather get your bachelor’s degree in less time but only be able to have just one major? Or, would you rather spend more time in college- four or more years- and be able to study everything you want? I suggest meeting with your college academic advisor as soon as you can to explain your plans and see what your options are for courses and schedules. Talk to your advisor aboutadjusting your schedule so you can graduate sooner. Tip 3: Take More Classes Each Semester/Quarter One way students can try to reduce the time to their degrees is to take more classes during the semester/quarter. Essentially, instead of taking the normal course load of, say, four classes per semester (whichwe'll sayis equal to 16 credits), you'd be taking five classes (20 credits). By taking just one or two extra classes a semester, you could cut down your program by as much as a whole semester or year, allowing you to graduate early. As a reminder, the "normal" number of credits you take per semester/quarter will vary depending on the institution. Check with your college (or any colleges you’re considering) to see how many credits students typically take and whether there is a maximum number of credits or courses you can take per semester/quarter. Tip 4: Enroll in Summer Classes Manystudents earn their bachelor's degrees in four years of continuous full-time study, but this time frame doesn’t include summer courses, which offer you an extra quarter or semester of credits.Just makesure that the courses you take are ones you need to graduate, such as major courses or General Education courses, and you're ready to go. Though most students who take summer classes do so at their home institutions, another option is to take college classes at a local community college during the summer. Doing this can be more convenient if yourschool is far away and you want to stay close to home in the summer. Check that your school will accept these summer credits before you decide to enroll in any community college classes. Also, be aware that you most likely won’t be able to transfer grades to your home institution- just the credits you earn. Summer school students need cool backpacks, too. (CollegeDegrees360/Flickr) Tip 5: Look Specifically for Shorter Bachelor’s Programs Many schools offer bachelor’s degree programs that are specifically designed to let you getyour degree in a shorter time frame, usually three years. These programs can vary significantly in how they’re structured, butnormally you'll be given a strict schedule to follow as well as special academic advising. If you’re dead-set on getting your degree in less time, it's worthit to see what colleges offer these programs and whether they have the program available in your intended major. The following chartshowspopular schools withthree-year bachelor’s degree programs.The schools have been arranged in alphabetical order, with each including its location and programs offered. You can find more three-year’s bachelor's degree programs bysearching on Google for"three-year bachelor’s degree programs site:.edu." School Location 3-Year Programs Offered Ball State University Muncie, IN Nursing Central State University Wilberforce, OH Accounting, Business Administration, Political Science Grace College Winona Lake, IN Most majors Hartwick College Oneonta, NY Most majors Newbury College Brookline, MA All majors except Computer Science, Graphic Design, Interior Design, Culinary Management Regis College Weston, MA Biology, Global Business Management, Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, Psychology, Social Work Southern New Hampshire University Manchester, NH Accounting, Accounting and Finance, Business Administration, Business Analytics, Computer Information Systems, Economics and Finance, Fashion Merchandising and Management, Hospitality Business, Marketing, Operations and Project Management, Sport Management Southern Utah University Cedar City, UT About half of all majors SUNY Potsdam Potsdam, NY Biology, Chemistry, Communication, Computer Science, Creative Writing, Geology, Literature, Literature and Writing, Physics, Politics, Studio Art, Theatre, Writing Thomas College Waterville, ME Accounting, Business and Management, Communications, Computer and Technology, Criminal Justice, English, Finance, Marketing, Political Science, Psychology, Sports Management Trinity International University Deerfield, IL Most majors University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA Most majors University of Toledo Toledo, OH Most majors Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI Most majors Tip 6: Consider Getting a Bachelor’s Degree Entirely or Partly Online Many colleges offer online and hybrid bachelor’s degree programs, both of which usually take less time than a typical four-year undergraduate degree. An online programis where you take all your classes and turn in all assignments online. A hybrid program, on the other hand, is where you take both in-person and online classes- in short, it's a mix between a traditional program and an online one. If you don’t mind the idea of not going to an actual campus and not meeting with classmates and professors, an online or hybrid bachelor’s degree program could be for you. Just know that there can be some big disadvantages to doing one, including fewer (if any) networking opportunities and a lack of prestige (online and hybrid programs are still sometimes viewed as less "legitimate" than traditional ones). These programs can save you both time and money becauseof their flexibility. For example, at Purdue, "most [online] bachelor’s degree programs can typically be completed in 2 to 4 years." This short time frame is made possible due to the great flexibility students have regarding when they choose totake classes and access assignments. Here's a list of the top 15 universities offering online bachelor’s degree programs. (Note that the US News rankings are specifically for the online programs and not for each school as a whole.) School US News Ranking Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 1 Arizona State University 2 Ohio State University- Columbus 3 (tie) Oregon State University 3 (tie) Penn State 5 (tie) University of Florida 5 (tie) University of Illinois- Chicago 5 (tie) Colorado State University 8 (tie) University at Buffalo- SUNY 8 (tie) UNC - Wilmington 8 (tie) University of Oklahoma 8 (tie) Loyola University Chicago 12 (tie) University of Alabama- Birmingham 12 (tie) University of Central Florida 14 CUNY School of Professional Studies 15 (tie) Utah State University 15 (tie) Western Kentucky University 15 (tie) Getting a Bachelor’s Degree Faster: 4 Disadvantages How many years is a bachelor’s degree? Perhaps you’re hoping it’s less than four for you- and while there’s nothing wrong withearning your degree faster, there are some drawbacks you should be aware of. #1: Your Workload Will Be Heavier Finishing a bachelor’s degree in fewer than four years most likely means you’ll be working harder than other students by taking more classes during the school year and/or over the summer. With such a heavy workload, you’ll more than likely havefar less time to interact socially, go on vacations, and participate in extracurricular activities,such as clubs and sports. This could all negatively impact your personal satisfaction with your college experience, depending on what you hoped to get out of it. For some students, these drawbacks might not bea big deal.But if they will be for you, you might want to reconsider what you’re willing to give up in order to get your degree faster. #2: You’ll Have Fewer Chances to Take Classes Just for Fun Getting a bachelor’s degree in less time means not only following a strict schedule but also taking only the classes you need to take to get your degree. Consequently, you’ll very likely have fewer opportunities to take electives, that is, classes that are just for fun. Electives can enrich your college experience by allowing you to explore subjects you’re interested in but have never had the chance to study in-depth. Without the time in your schedule to take any classes for fun, you might feel as though you've missed the chance to explore other intellectual interests you have outside your major. #3: You Won’t Have Time for Summer Jobs and Internships Similar to the disadvantage above, if you’re taking classes over the summer to get your bachelor’s degree in less time, you won’t have any time during the summer to focus on other things, such as internships and jobs. This can be a big drawback if you’re hoping to get some work experience in your field before you graduate college. The trade-off here is whether you would rather graduate early with little to no work or internship experienceor graduate at a normal (or slightly slower) pace with more professional experience. #4: You’ll Have to Pay More Upfront Taking extra classes- whether it’s during the school year, the summer, or both periods- usually means you’ll need to pay more upfront for these classes. Although finishing your bachelor’s degree in less time can save you a ton of money in the long run (you won’t have to pay for any more tuition, class fees, housing, or meal plans) you still need to be prepared to pay more upfront for the extra classes you'll be taking and any housing and/or meal plans you’ll need(if taking summer classes). Recap: So A Bachelor’s Degree Is How Many Years? Most students in the US earn their bachelor’s degrees in about four years of continuous full-time study (excluding summers). That being said, many people are able to shorten this time frame to as few as three or even two years by planning ahead and taking advantage of certain opportunities. Although you’ll still need the minimum number of credits required to get your bachelor’s degree (usually 120-130 semester credits or 180-190 quarter credits), it ispossible toaccumulate this number of credits in a shorter amount of time. Here are six possible ways you could do this: Start earning college credit in high school through AP exams, IB exams, and (if a college will accept it) community college courses Choose a major early on and stick with it- this will help you plan out your future better and keep you on track with one main academic focus Take more classes each semester/quarter so you can earn the credits you need faster Enroll in summer classesto earn credits ahead of schedule Look specifically for shorter bachelor’s programs if you prefer a program that offers a built-in structure for studentswho want to finish in a shorter time frame Consider getting a bachelor’s degree online- bothonline and hybrid programs will give you the flexibilityyou need toeasily earn a degree in less time Before you get to work figuring out how you can shorten the time it’ll take to get your bachelor’s degree, takea moment toconsider some of the drawbacks tofollowing such a strict schedule. Here are the four biggest disadvantages you’ll want to think about before making any decisions: Your workload will be heavier, making it hard to find time for socializing with classmates and friends, participating in extracurricular activities, relaxing, andgoing on vacations You’ll have fewer chances to take classes just for fun, which can be frustrating if there are fields outside your major you’re interested in learning about You won’t have time for summer jobs or internships,meaning you’ll be graduating with less professional experience than you might want to have You’ll have to pay more upfront for extra classes, summer housing, and meal plans- though you'll most likelysave money in the long run! Ultimately, whether or not you want to try to get a bachelor's degree in less time is completely up to you. Just make sure that you know what you're getting yourself into! What’s Next? Not sure what you want to study in college?Get tips on how you can choose the best major for you, and learn about the benefits of double majoring if you're interested in more than one field. How much does college cost these days?Our expert guide goes over how much you can expect to pay for your undergraduate educationand offers tips on how you can fork out less money. You can also check out our guide to the cheapest out-of-state colleges. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Hannah Muniz About the Author Hannah received her MA in Japanese Studies from the University of Michigan and holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Southern California. From 2013 to 2015, she taught English in Japan via the JET Program. She is passionate about education, writing, and travel. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Resent Collapse of Financial Sector in Southeast Asia in 1997 Essay

Resent Collapse of Financial Sector in Southeast Asia in 1997 - Essay Example Maintenance of sufficient current account balance is identified as the successful management strategy to prevent these financial crises in future. The secondary source of information revealed some more meaningful strategies. South East Asia comprises of nations like Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Hongkong and South Korea. They were recognized as tiger economies as the rate of economic growth was quite phenomenal within a short period. However, the economies of South East Asian countries witnessed a debacle in 1997-1998 leading to the sudden collapse of the financial sector. The South East Asian financial meltdown, experienced in late 1997, was considered to be one of the most serious financial debacles we have had since the 1930s. Approximately an amount of more than a trillion dollars was eroded during this crisis. It took considerably longer period for all these nations to witness the past glory, to recover from this financial crisis. However, there was a substantial recovery in some of the region's markets and investors sorted out specific strengths and weaknesses, differentiating among national economies. The weaknesses in financial markets of China and Japan were als o exposed. Hence there is a strong need to study and analyze the factors responsible for this debacle so that efficient management measures can be taken for preventing the similar type of incidents in future. Keeping this in view the present study is being formulated with the following research aim and objectives. Several researchers documented the causes for South East Asian financial crisis of 1997 (FN 1, FN 2, FN 3 and FN 4, FN 5 and FN 6, FN 7 and FN 8, FN 9). The East Asian financial crisis was reported to be originated in July 1997 in Thailand and it severely affected currencies, stock exchanges and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered Tiger economies (FN 10).

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay - 2

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example These include the religion of Islam which was revealed by the prophet Muhammad and its adherents are spread all over the world such as in the Middle Eastern countries (Swatos & Kivisto, 998). Second, the religion of Christianity is notably the largest faith and has its teachings firmly grounded in the Bible. Evidently, it has approximately over 2 billion followers in the entire. Buddhism is equally another famous religion which teaches the adherents on the best way of living in accordance to Siddharta Gautama (Swatos & Kivisto, 998). Hinduism is a religion in which the faithful have their ideas firmly founded on Indian religious beliefs. The Candomble religion represents an African driven belief system of religion that traces its origins and followers in Brazil. On the other hand, Taoism connotes ancient religious, philosophical tradition that has its belief founded in Chinese worldview. There are equally contemporary and growing religions such as the Bahai religion. The aforemention ed religions are just but a sample of the many religions in the Earth. Their existence and adherents that subscribe to the religions offer part of the proof of the religious nature of man on Earth. The belief in the existence of supernatural beings is a foundational precinct in the belief system of religious people. To this end, they acknowledge the existence of supernatural beings such as gods, spirits or a supreme God. Evidently, the belief in supernatural beings offers a connection to the existence and experiences of humans. For example, among Christians they believe in a supernatural being of God who is composed of three elements. That is, The Holy Spirit, God the Father and God the Son. In addition, they believe in Jesus Christ as the Son of God. On the other hand, the Islamic adherents believe in Allah as a supernatural being and in Muhammad as his prophet. The Hindus on their part believe in the existence of 330 million gods but in one supreme ultimate god known as the Brahman. Contemporary religions such as Bahai express their faith in Bahaullah as the reincarnation or

The Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Biology Essay

The Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Biology Essay Skeletal Muscle is a form of fibrous tissue with the fibers arranged parallel to each other. A muscle fiber (cell) is surrounded by the endomysium. A group of these cells is wrapped by fascicles. Bundles of fascicles are covered by the perimysium and bundles of the perimysium are wrapped by the epimysium to form a muscle. The muscle fibers have contractile properties which enable them to move bony levers in order to produce skeletal movement1. The functional unit of the muscle fiber is the sacomere which consists of most importantly, actin and myosin. The actin and myosin are arranged such that during contraction, they can slide over each other thus shortening the muscle2. Muscles suffer from many diseases, one of which is polymyositis. This is an inflammatory myopathy that affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and those around the torso. It affects all age groups but has been noticed mainly in late childhood and early adulthood. The sypmtomps are nonspecific but results in general muscle weakness and the cause, though believed to be an invasion by the white blood cells, is not very clear10. 2.0 The Structure of Skeletal Muscle. In daily life, structures and arrangements of designs are dictated, to a large extent by the purpose and function for which the design is meant for. Knowing that skeletal muscle is made up mainly of fibrous tissues, the arrangement of these tissues and how they are bound together to maintain a particular shape in order to accomplish different purposes (mainly to generate force and produce movement) may to a large extent, define the structure of the muscle4. At a macro level, the skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of individual muscle fibers, the supporting structure called the basal lamina, and the connective tissue sheaths as shown in figure 1. These connective tissues bind the cells together giving them strength and partly providing mechanical protection2. We can examine these connective tissues and their functions as follows: 2.1 The basal lamina. This is an extracellular matrix that acts as a scaffold on which a cell sits. It has been realized that apart from providing structural support, the basal lamina can orient and constrain cell during the process of regeneartion3. 2.2 The endomysium. This is a fine sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle cell. The endomysium consist of loosely interlacing fibers composed mainly of collagen4. 2.3 The perimysium and fascilces. The individual muscle fibers wrapped by the endomysium, are grouped together in what is called fascicles. A layer of fibrous tissue called the perimysium wraps each fascicle4. 2.4 The epimysium. This is the outside layer that finally wraps the whole muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue4. Figure 1 Source: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Muscular/muscle_structure.jpg 3.0 The muscle cell Having described how individual muscle cells are organized into a muscle, it is imperative that we look at the structural composition of the cell itself. Just like many other cells in the body are specialized according to their functions, skeletal muscle cells are specialized to produce force and movement5. The skeletal muscle fiber is thus composed of mainly three structural elements:-the myofibrils, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, each contributing a unique aspect of muscle function. The entire function of the muscle can be attributed to the shifts in proportions of these three structures6. 3.1 The Myofibrills. These are cylindrical specialized sub-units within the muscle fiber. They consist of two types of contractile protein filaments-the thin filaments referred to as actin and the thick filaments referred to as myosin. The two most important parameters of the myofibrils are their diameter which determines its strength and the fiber length which determines it contraction velocity and distance over which the fiber can contract. The myofibril consist of two filaments-actin and myosin6,2. 3.1.1 Actin (thin filament). Actin filaments are responsible for regulation of contraction. The actin filament is formed by a helical arranged of actin monomers which is an ambiguous protein2 (figure 2). Because of the helical nature, a long grove is formed along the filament and the protein troponin is located at intervals along the length of the actin filament. It is troponin which is responsible for turning on contraction2,7. Figure 2.The actin molecule. Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/Muscleslidingfilament1.gif 3.1.2 The Myosin (thick filament). Myosin filament is about 150nm long. It has a tail and two heads. The tail is formed by two helical shaped fibers that coil around each other. A collection of several of these helical tails together form a myosin filament (figure 3)4b. Figure 3. The myosin molecule. Source: http://webanatomy.net/anatomy/myosin.jpg. 3.2 The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Groups of about 200 thick and thin filaments constitute a myofibril. Each myofibril is thus enclosed in a membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum8. The SR membrane stores and releases calcium during muscle contraction and relaxation. The SR can therefore be thought of as the functional unit of the myofibril9. 3.3 The mitochondria. Found within the cell cytoplasm, the mitochondria are responsible for generation of most of the cells energy by the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There are several mitochondria distributed along the length of a myofibril4. 4.0 The mechanism of muscle contraction Muscle contraction can largely be attributed to the structure of actin and myosin, their arrangement within the SR and the interaction between them in order to produce force (Figure 4). This type of arrangement allows the thin actin filaments to slide in and out by the action pull of the myosin heads8b. Figure 4. Actin and myosin arrangement: Source: http://www.exrx.net/Images/ActinMyosin.gif Muscles are composed of a number of actin and myosin filaments arranged in series in a basic unit called the sacomere. The sacomere consists of a thick filament in the meddle and two thin filaments, one overlapping on each side. The heads of the thick filament attach to the thin filament at the overlap and these heads allow movement in only one direction. When activated, each thick filament head rachets repeatedly along the actin, pulling the two actins closer together. Since the actin are attached to the Z line (The distance between two Z lines form the sacomere), ends of the sacomere (Z lines) are pulled in and the sacomere shortens. The sacomeres are arranged in series so that when the muscle fiber contracts, all the sacomeres contract simultaneously transmitting the force to the end of the muscle. The whole process of contraction described above occurs when the muscle is electrically stimulated2b. 5.0 Muscle stimulation. Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. The reception of the motor stimulus (action potential) opens the calcium channels allowing calcium which is stored in the SR to be released. The release of calcium causes the release of acetylcholine-Ach (neurotransmitter). The calcium binds to the troponin on the actin filament. Troponin then regulates the tropomyosin which obstructs binding sites for myosin. This allows the tropomyosin to move, unblocking the bonding site. Myosin then binds to the unblocked site on the actin and applies a pull. This will pull the Z bands towards each other thus shortening the sacomere, causing muscle contraction2b. However, as calcium is released, the ATP-dependent calcium pump is activated and it continuously pumps calcium back to the SR to be stored again. This leads to a drop in calcium level within the cytoplasm. When the calcium level is too low, the calcium binding action to troponin is terminated, releasing tropomyosin which again blocks the binding site. This stops the interaction between actin and myosin thus relaxing the muscle2b. 6.0 Muscle Diseases There are a number of muscular diseases and disorders ranging from acquired, familial to congenital. Limiting ourselves to one of the acquired disorders of the muscles, lets look at polymyositis. 6.1 Polymyositis (PM). PM is a type of muscle inflammatory myopathy. Just like the name suggests, this disease causes inflammation of the muscle fiber. Although the causes of the disease are not well understood, it is believed that PM begins when white blood cells, spontaneously invade muscles. This can result in severe muscle weakness. Polymyositis is a persistent disease characterized by periods of increased and reduced or no symptoms. PM affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and is more common in women than men. It is said to affect all age groups although is it commonly noted in early childhood or 20s10. Key pathologic and diagnostic features of the disease. Endomysial inflammation. This is the inflammation of the outer connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber. This is done by the white blood cells that leave the blood and enter the tissue, somehow confirming the earlier assertion that the PM begins when white blood cells invade muscles. Invasion of myofibers by autoaggressive lymphocytes. This is when the T lymphocytes begin to attack the intact myofibers. Unlike in muscle dystrophy where inflammation is associated with degenerating myofibers, the invasion of T lymphocytes causes inflammation of health myofibers in PM.This causes inflammation of healthy myofibers. Other diagnostic features that may not be exactly specific to PM include myofiber necrosis, myophagocytosis, myofiber atrophy and fibrosis, a feature of chronic PM10,11. 7.0 Conclusion Human movement is only possible because of the action of muscle contraction. Voluntary contraction of muscle is made possible by the somatic nervous system which sends out an action potential activating the contraction process. The process is accomplished by the sliding of myosin and actin over each other. Many diseases and disorders affect muscles, prominent among them is muscular polymyosis which causes inflammation of the muscles mainly around the torso. Its believed to be caused by the unwanted action of the white blood cells and the symptoms include muscle weakness.

Malunggay Essay

Theoretical Framework The following theories provide framework of this research. This study was anchored on the Theory of Kramer (1995). â€Å"The Texture Measurements of Foods: Psychological Fundamental, Sensory, Mechanical, and Chemical Procedures, and their Interrelationships (1995),† that sensory quality of foods, being a psycho-physical phenomenon, should be systemized or classified accordance with the sense by which the various attributes of quality are perceived by the consumer. The following attributes are used to determine and measure the quality of a product: appearance, taste, texture and aroma. As positioned by the author appearance includes factors such as size, shape, color, and external attributes such as the attractiveness of the icon or logo. Size and shapes are measurements often used as grade standards or to differentiate between items. The assessment of size and shape is often a subjective process although, for many products, visual guide have been developed. Color is the primary indicatory of maturity is the result of the type and quan tity of pigments in the product. Changes in color are often related to freshness or deterioration of the product. Color can be measured by many visual or mechanical methods. On the other hand, taste is the perception of chemical compounds on the tongue and other nerve endings of the mouth. The basic tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent. Sweetness is directly related to sugars into the food and the sugar to acid ratio. Sourness is the result of the organic acids present. Compounds such as those in citrus fruits or coffee usually impart bitterness, where astringency is often the result of tannins such as the phenolic compounds in grapes (Kramer, 1995). Also, texture is â€Å"the composite of those properties which arise from the structural elements of a product, and the manner in which this composite registrars with the physiological sense† (Szczesniak, 2005). Most textural characteristics, except firmness are evaluated as mouth feels, i.e. the impression on the tongue, palate and teeth. In production , common textural characteristics include tenderness, crispiness, crunchiness, chewiness, and fibrousness. Texture is generally determined by measuring force applied to the food. Lastly, aroma is the sum of the compounds perceived by the nose. It is very difficult to determine objectively since it is a combination of qualitative predominant and quantitative traits in a food product. Fruits and vegetables are rich in  aromatic compounds; many of which are yet to be identified. Thus, in identifying the quality of the ordinary meat burger patties and the quality of the new product innovation which is the malunggay burger patty, the researchers used Kramer’s classification of quality to collect the raw data from the respondents. Another theory to support this study is the â€Å"Diffusion of Innovations Theory† by Thurber and Fahey (2009). This theory is used to describe well the evidence for growth and adoption of dietary Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the need for a scientific consensus on the nutritional benefits. Diffusion is the process by which an innovat ion is communicated through curtain channels over time among the members of a social system. According to Thurber and Fahey (2009), the rate of adoption and possibilities of over adoption can be predicted using five characteristics of a new innovation. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its wide spread use to be promoted, evidence must be provided for the following attributes: The first attribute is called Relative Advantage which is the extent to which an innovation is perceived as being better or more useful than the idea it supersedes. Then, it is followed by the Compatibility which means the measure of how well an innovation is consistent with existing social and cultural practices, if it is likeable, and whether it meets the need of potential adopters. On the other hand Complexity is the level to which the innovation is perceived to be difficult to understand or use. Another attribute is Observability which is used to describe how well the results of the innovation can be seen and communicated to others. And finally, Trialability which refers to the ability of an innovation to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to determine the rate of adaptation of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory, it will give accurate knowledge on the effectiveness and health benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this research shall focus on the independent variables such as the respondent’s age, gender and grade level. Likewise, the dependent variables of the study are the respondent’s evaluation regarding the product in terms of appearance, taste, texture and aroma. Once these dimensions are known, a proposed Food Feeding Program shall be formulated.